1.Compare Eukaryotic cells to Prokaryotic cells.
2.List in detail the organelles found in the Eukaryotic cells, and describe their major functions.
3.Describe in general the physiology of muscle contraction. (complete your answer with the following statements:
a. Morphology and anatomy of a typical myofilament. Specify the T-tubs
and the sarcomeres.
b. How scientists record muscle contraction and get a typical “contraction
curves”?
c. Indicate phases of each contraction curve, and explain the origin of each
phase on the curves.
d. define pre-load and after load.
e. effects of changing preload or after load to the shape of the contraction
curves.
f. describe excitation-contraction coupling of muscle contraction.
g. explain the results of statement (e) by using cross-bridge hypothesis and
sliding theory.
h. explain the physiologic consequences of increasing preload and/or
afterload on the ventricular function of the heart.
4.Describe molecular and cellular aspects of insulin secretion. Include the following statements in your discussions:
a.the synthesis of insulin.
b.Forming of vesicles that filled with insulin.
c.Transportation of these vesicles from central region to the peripheral region of the cell.
d.Mechanisms that promote ‘docking’, ‘priming’,and ‘fusing’ of vesicles to plasma membrane, and finally the exocytosis.
5.Initiation of “generator potential” is essential for sensory mechanisms of various modalities. Please describe the molecular aspects of initiating generator potentials in receptors of each sensory modality such as ‘touching’, hearing, gustating and vision.
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